Electronic components are a general term for components and devices. It is a component of electronic components, small machines, and instruments, often composed of several components, and can be used interchangeably in similar products. It often refers to certain components in industries such as electrical appliances, radios, and instruments, such as capacitors, transistors, hairpins, springs, and other sub devices.

Electronic components consist of two major components: electronic devices and electronic components.

Electronic devices

Refers to waste products that are consumed and processed in the factory without altering their molecular components. Such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Due to its lack of electron generation, it has no control or transformation effect on voltage and current, so it is also known as a passive device.

Electronic components

Refers to waste products whose molecular structure has been altered during factory consumption and processing. For example, transistors, electronic tubes, integrated circuits. Due to its ability to generate electrons and control and transform voltage and current (such as amplification, switching, rectification, detection, oscillation, and modulation), it is also known as an active device. According to classification standards, electronic devices can be divided into 12 categories, which can be divided into two major categories: vacuum electronic devices and semiconductor devices.

Common electronic components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, potentiometers, transformers, diodes, transistors, MOSFETs, integrated circuits, and so on.

Below, we will introduce several commonly used components.

Resistance

The barrier effect of a conductor on current is called its resistance.

A substance with low resistance is called an electrical conductor, abbreviated as a conductor.

Substances with high resistance are called electrical insulators, abbreviated as insulators.

In physics, resistance is used to represent the magnitude of a conductor's effect on current barriers. The greater the resistance of a conductor, the greater its barrier effect on current. Different conductors have different resistance, which is a property of the conductor itself.

The resistance of a conductor is usually represented by the letter R, and the unit of resistance is ohms, abbreviated as ohms, with the symbolω. Comparatively large units include kiloohms (kω) and megaohms (Mω) (megaohms=millions, or 1 million).

Capacitance

Capacitance (or electrical capacity) is a physical quantity that characterizes the capacity of a capacitor to contain charges.

The amount of electricity required to increase the potential difference between the two plates of a capacitor by 1 volt is called the capacitance of the capacitor.

Physically speaking, capacitors are a type of static charge storage medium (similar to a bucket, where you can charge and store charges. In the absence of a discharge circuit, the self discharge effect of removing dielectric leakage is more obvious than electrolytic capacitors, and charges may exist forever, which is its characteristic). They have a wide range of uses and are indispensable electronic components in the field of electronics and power. Mainly used in power filtering, signal filtering, signal coupling, resonance, DC isolation and other circuits, the symbol of the capacitor is C.

C=εS/4πkd=Q/U

In the International System of Units, the unit of capacitance is Farad, abbreviated as "F", with the symbol F. Commonly used units of capacitance include milliamperes (mF) and microfarads（μF) The conversion relationship for methods such as nanofiltration (nF) and skin filtration (pF) (also known as light filtration) is:

1 Farad (F)=1000 milliFahrenheit (mF)=1000000 microfacies（μF)

1 microfacies（μF)=1000 nanofibers (nF)=1000000 picoseconds (pF)

Inductor

Inductor is a component that can convert electrical energy into magnetic energy and store it.

The construction of an inductor is similar to that of a transformer, but only requires one winding.

Inductance has a certain inductance, which only prevents changes in current. If the inductor is in a state without current passing through, it will attempt to prevent current from flowing through it when the circuit is turned on. If an inductor is in a current flowing state and the circuit is disconnected, it will attempt to maintain a constant current. Inductors, also known as chokes, reactors, and dynamic reactors.

Potentiometer

Potentiometer is a resistive element with three leads and adjustable resistance values according to a certain variation pattern.

Potentiometer usually consists of a resistor body and a movable brush. When the brush moves along the resistance body, it obtains a resistance value or voltage that is proportional to the displacement at the output end.

The potentiometer can be used as both a three terminal component and a two terminal component. The latter can be regarded as a variable resistor.

A potentiometer is an adjustable electronic component. It is composed of a resistor and a rotating or sliding system. When a voltage is applied between the two fixed contacts of a resistor, the position of the contacts on the resistor can be modified by rotating or sliding the system, and a voltage that is related to the position of the moving contacts can be obtained between the moving contacts and the fixed contacts. It is mostly used as a voltage divider, where the potentiometer is a four terminal component. Potentiometers are essentially sliding resistors, with several styles commonly used for adjusting speaker volume switches and laser head power levels.

Transformer

Transformer is an installation that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to modify the AC voltage. Its main components are the primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core (magnetic core).

The main functions include voltage conversion, current conversion, impedance conversion, isolation, voltage stabilization (magnetic saturation transformer), etc.

Transformers are commonly used for voltage regulation, impedance matching, and safety isolation.

Diode

Diode is an electronic component that has two electrodes installed and only allows current to flow in a single direction. Many applications utilize its rectification function.

And varicap diode are used as electronic adjustable capacitors.

The current directionality possessed by large local diodes is commonly referred to as the "rectifying" function. The most common function of diodes is to only allow current to pass in a single direction (called forward bias), and to block it in reverse (called reverse bias).

Therefore, diodes can be thought of as electronic versions of check valves. However, in practice, diodes do not exhibit such satisfactory directional opening and closing, but rather complex nonlinear electronic characteristics - which are determined by specific types of diode technology. Diodes have many other functions in addition to being used as switches.

Transistor

Triode, also known as semiconductor transistor, also known as bipolar transistor or crystal transistor. It is a semiconductor device that controls current through current control. Its function is to amplify small signals into electrical signals with higher radiation values, and it is also used as a contactless switch.

Crystal transistor is one of the fundamental components of semiconductors, with a significant electrical discharge function, and is the central component of electronic circuits.

A transistor is a device that creates two PN junctions that are very close together on a semiconductor substrate. The two PN junctions divide the entire semiconductor into three parts, with the base region in the middle and the emitting and collecting regions on both sides. There are two types of arrangements: PNP and NPN.

MOSFET

MOSFET is a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, also known as a metal insulator semiconductor.

The source and drain of MOSFETs can be swapped, both of which are formed in the N-type region of the P-type background.

In most cases, these two regions are the same, and even if the two ends are swapped, it will not affect the performance of the device. Such devices are considered symmetrical.

The most significant characteristic of MOSFETs is their good switching characteristics, which is why they are widely used in circuits that require electronic switches, such as switch power supplies and motor drives, as well as lighting dimming.

Integratedcircuit

Integrated circuit is a type of miniature electronic device or component. Using a certain process, the required components such as transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and wiring in a circuit are interconnected and manufactured on a small or several small semiconductor chips or dielectric substrates, and then packaged in a tube shell to become a miniature structure with the required circuit functions; All of the components have been constructed as a whole, taking a big step towards miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence, and high reliability in electronic components. It is represented by the letter "IC" in the circuit.

Integrated circuits have the advantages of small size, light weight, fewer lead wires and solder joints, long service life, reliability, and good performance. At the same time, they have low cost and are easy to consume on a large scale. It is not only widely used in industrial and civilian electronic devices such as recorders, televisions, computers, etc., but also in military, communication, remote control, and other fields.

The assembly density of electronic devices using integrated circuits can increase by tens to thousands of times compared to transistors, and the stable working time of the equipment can also be greatly improved.